Characteristics of public goods and their impact on rationalizing public spending

Abstract

The development of human societies and the expanding role of the state have created a collective demand for public goods-characterized by non-rivalry، non-excludability، and indivisibility. If any of these features are absent، the goods are classified as common goods. This classification is crucial for guiding public expenditure policies to ensure the state fulfils its core responsibilities, ، prioritizes spending effectively، and promotes social welfare. Additionally، addressing the free-rider problem is essential to reduce the fiscal burden on the state and prevent the misuse of public resources.